This paper examines how Positive Energy District (PED) requirements influence cost-optimal district heating systems by integrating renewable energy, electrification, energy storage, and building renovation measures. Using a Slovenian case study, the results show that PED constraints can reduce CO₂ emissions by over 30% with only a moderate increase in system costs, while highlighting trade-offs between stricter energy targets, affordability, and operational flexibility.

Authors: Nirav Patel, Ali Kok, Sebastian Zwickl-Bernhard, Lukas Kranzl, Hans Auer

The paper was published in April 2026.